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• The Air Force Air Operations Center (AOC) 72-hour air-tasking cycle is incongruent with the current digital world. In the future, the balance between deliberate planning and dynamic planning will shift, with more emphasis placed on dynamic planning, and the JADC2 tools and processes need to support this change.
• Migrating the AOC structure to a modern digital environment poses many challenges: reliance on human-centric subject-matter expert meetings and boards, multiple classification levels of data on air-gapped systems, and heavy reliance on business services products.
• Additional factors limit the speed and scope of multidomain operations (MDO): authorities and command relationships, synchronizing battle rhythms across domains, different procedures for different domains, different C2 structures in different theaters and regions, and robust and resilient communications systems and procedures.
• Three enabling categories should be aligned to support MDO: determining a C2 construct for JADC2, the data sources and computing infrastructure available for MDO, and algorithm development to support machine-to-machine processes with multidomain decisionmakers "on-the-loop."
• There are multiple future MDO concepts of operations, and the needs will vary by campaign. The future C2 structure should be flexible to accommodate the variations.

The authors examine and recommend opportunities for applying artificial intelligence (AI) and, more broadly, automation to deliberate planning for joint all-domain command and control (JADC2) for the U.S. Air Force.

The authors found that three primary enabling categories must be aligned to support future multidomain operations: (1) the command and control (C2) construct or how the forces are organized, where the authorities reside, and how they are trained and manned, (2) the data and data infrastructure needed to leverage data for C2, and (3) the tools, applications, and algorithms that leverage the data to C2 all-domain forces to include AI algorithms.

Moving to a modernized JADC2 requires various stakeholders to collaborate to set policy, guidance, tactics, techniques, procedures, training and exercising, infrastructure, and tools, likely leveraging AI, to operationalize concepts.

• Chapter One

  Challenges of Implementing Joint All-Domain Command and Control Within the U.S. Air Force's Current Operational Level Construct

• Chapter Two

  Command and Control Modernization

• Chapter Three

  Artificial Intelligence Opportunities for Future Multidomain Operations

• Chapter Four

  Artificial Intelligence Ecosystem for Joint All-Domain Command and Control

• Chapter Five

  Research Conclusions and Recommendations