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• The market size is smaller than often reported.
• Market structure varies widely, but it often appears ad hoc and opportunistic.
• The West is not the only end market for looted antiquities.
• Technology used in the looted antiquities trade is mostly unsophisticated.

The illicit antiquities market has become an area of concern for policymakers. It is fueled by a well-documented rise in looting at archaeological sites and a fear that the proceeds of such looting may be financing terrorism or rogue states. Efforts to craft effective policy responses are hindered by the lack of data and evidence on two fronts: the size of the market and the network structure of participants. In lieu of reliable evidence on these two fronts, the conversation has been dominated by speculation and hypotheses and has generated some widely accepted theories of how the illicit antiquities market operates.

In this report, the authors compile evidence from numerous open sources to outline the major policy-relevant characteristics of that market and to propose the way forward for developing policies intended to disrupt illicit networks. The approach uses multiple methods and data sources, with the understanding that no single piece of evidence can provide a complete picture of the market and that only by cross-referencing and triangulating among various sources can salient market characteristics be illuminated.

• Chapter One

  Introduction

• Chapter Two

  Antiquities Trafficking and Its Role in Financing Terrorism

• Chapter Three

  Smuggling Networks and Sales Channels: Results from Interviews

• Chapter Four

  Antiquities Trafficking Online

• Chapter Five

  Measuring the International Trade in Antiquities

• Chapter Six

  Policy Responses to Illicit Trafficking and Future Research

• Appendix A

  Archaeological Looting in Historical Perspective

• Appendix B

  Detecting Suspicious Dealers Using Rare Indicator Coins

• Appendix C

  A Supply and Demand Theory of the Antiquities Market