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The health–civic engagement link applied to various forms of civic engagement

• Increases in physical and mental health and well-being are related to increases in civic engagement, whether through voting or through such activities as volunteering and membership in civic organizations.

Some studies suggest that health and civic engagement make up a reinforcing feedback loop

• A few longitudinal studies suggest that poor health earlier in life is associated with lower levels of civic engagement later in life.
• The effects of poor health seem to work in both directions — e.g., early depression is associated with less engagement later in life; and early civic engagement is associated with less depression later in life.

The nature of the health–civic engagement relationship can be different across various population segments

• Several studies demonstrate differences among health conditions; e.g., there is evidence that those with cancer are more likely to vote than those with heart disease, a difference that authors attribute to social stigma around heart disease and to stronger political organization around cancer.
• There is also some evidence that the nature of the health–civic engagement connection might vary by social group.

There are few studies seeking to link civic activism with broader concepts of well-being

• Aside from voting, which is well defined, there appears to be a lack of clear agreement in terminology and constructs for measuring civic engagement.

The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) is leading a pioneering effort to advance a culture of health that "enables all in our diverse society to lead healthier lives, now and for generations to come." The RWJF Culture of Health Action Framework is divided into four Action Areas, and civic engagement (which RWJF defines broadly as participating in activities that advance the public good) is identified as one of the three drivers for the Action Area, Making Health a Shared Value, along with mindset and expectations, and sense of community. Civic engagement can serve as a mechanism for translating changes in a health-related mindset and sense of community into tangible actions that could lead to new health-promoting partnerships, improvements in community health conditions, and the degree of integration among health services and systems for better health outcomes.

The authors of this report seek a closer focus on the causal relationship between civic engagement and health and well-being — that is, whether better health and well-being might promote more civic engagement, whether civic engagement might promote health or well-being, or perhaps both.

In this report, authors conduct a structured review to understand what the scientific literature presents about the empirical relationship between health and civic engagement. The authors specifically examine whether health is a cause of civic engagement, a consequence of it, or both; what causal mechanisms underlie this link; and where there are gaps in knowledge for the field.

• Chapter One

  Background

• Chapter Two

  Methods

• Chapter Three

  Health and Voting Participation

• Chapter Four

  Other Forms of Civic Engagement

• Chapter Five

  Evidence on Civic Engagement-Oriented Interventions

• Chapter Six

  Discussion

• Chapter Seven

  Next Steps for the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Field

• Appendix A

  Data Abstraction Form

• Appendix B

  Articles Reviewed

• Appendix C

  Detailed Findings on Articles Described in the Report