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Students Who Attended the Programs Entered School in the Fall With Stronger Mathematics Skills Than Those Who Did Not

• Analyses suggest that students who attended class more often and received more instructional hours received the greatest benefit and performed best on the assessment.

The Programs Did Not Produce Near-Term Effects in Reading

• It is possible a five-week summer program is insufficient to create measurable improvement in reading skills. Reading outcomes were not significantly affected even for students with the highest attendance and instructional hours.
• Our implementation analyses suggest that reading outcomes may be sensitive to classroom and site quality.These analyses found that treatment students who received higher-quality instruction, students who had a teacher with grade-level experience, and students attending an orderly site performed better.

The Summer Programs Did Not Affect Social and Emotional Outcomes

• Treatment students did not receive higher social and emotional competence ratings from their teachers in the fall than control students received, although some district leaders hypothesized that their programs might have a positive effect on social and emotional outcomes.

Summer Learning Programs Appear to Serve Community Needs

• We found strong demand among low-income students and their families for free, voluntary programs that combine academics and enrichment. Each district exceeded its expectations for applications, and the majority of accepted students attended the programs.
• Almost 60 percent of the control group, all of whom had applied to the districts' voluntary summer program but were denied admission, reported not attending any kind of summer program or camp over the summer. These families had all received targeted information on other summer recreation programs available in their communities.